Hunting Isnt Murder

â€Å"Hunting is murder? I think NOT! † 1. Is hunting murder? This is something that people should think about. Many people walk around and believe that hunting is truly murder and think that they are completely right about this. However, I believe strongly that hunting is not murder and I will explain and prove why it is not murder. Murder is defined as: 1. The unlawful killing of one human by another, especially with premeditated malice. (murder,1) 2. To kill brutally or inhumanly. (murder,1) Now looking at these words in these definitions I can prove that hunting can not fall under the category of murder.Unlawful is defined as something that is illegal. (unlawful, 1) Therefore, I can make my first point on how hunting is not illegal. Yes there are times when it can be illegal if people are hunting the wrong time of year or don’t have their license. However, that is not what we are concerned about, when it comes down to it the majority of people who hunt do it legally and if they don’t then they are fined and even in some cases jailed. Next, human is defined as having or showing those positive aspects of nature and character regarded as distinguishing humans from other animals. human, 1) No animals are not human, and yes they are living things, but they are not homo sapiens. I don’t care what people say there is no way you can prove that a deer, goose, duck, or turkey is under the category of a homo sapien.With knowing this I can also state that hunting can therefore not be considered murder by definition. Next in the definition of murder it states that murder is the killing of a human with premeditated malice. Malice is defined as a desire to harm others or to see others suffer; extreme ill will or spite. Malice, 1) Yes, many people like myself hunt as a sport. However, many people don’t realize that we don’t do this because we like to kill and watch animals suffer, but in fact we do this because we love nature and a nimals and we do not want to see them suffer. Hunting is legal as a sport, because the government knows that there are mass populations of animals that need to be made smaller in order to keep the populations strong. The Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, better known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, was passed by Congress in 1937.Pittman-Robertson placed a Federal excise tax on hunting equipment of many kinds, including guns and ammo (11 percent tax on sporting arms, ammunition, and archery equipment, and a 10 percent tax on handguns). (Category, 1) With the overwhelming support of hunters across the USA, this Act directed that money produced by this additional tax on our gear be used to provide funding for the selection, restoration, rehabilitation and improvement of wildlife habitat, wildlife management research, and the distribution of information produced by the projects.It was later amended (1970) to include funding for hunter training programs and the development, operatio n and maintenance of public target ranges. (Category, 1) Many hunters love and care about the animals they are hunting and do not do it in spite of the animals or to watch them suffer. The last keyword I want to talk about in the definition of murder is to kill brutally. Brutally is defined as extremely ruthless and cruel. I don’t know if people know much about starvation, but I have been taught about how painful of a disease it is to go through.Starved animals are generally emaciated, their fat stores are depleted, their body catabolizes the protein from their muscles, and leaves them in severe pain and anguish. I would have to say that I would much rather have a bullet but through my chest then I would want to have to go through the pain of starvation. As long as there are hunters, we will be able to have control over animal starvation and be able to keep it at a minimum. Many people question me when I tell them I am a hunter and like to go on about how cruel it is and wond er how I am able to kill an innocent animal.I explain that as a hunter I love animals and that is why I hunt. It is tough to convince someone when their mind is already made up, but I like to try. I hunt for many reasons. Some of which are for adventure, the feel of satisfaction of a job well done, the sense of being closer to nature and yes, for the kill. I explain that I hunt for the joy of the hunt. Also, that thousands of years ago hunters told their stories and honored their animals with pictographs. I don’t know if people often use pictographs anymore, but we do the same thing in a different way.Rather than painting on walls, we now mount animals on walls. Like our ancestors, we share the meat with our families and friends. I also know of people who take meat from animals they have hunted and donate it to people in need. Hunting is not something I do to just pass time. Hunting is a way of life for me, and I am just grateful that I am able to enjoy it. Take a look at my reasoning of why I believe hunting can not be considered murder, do you think hunting is murder?Works cited Brutally – Definition of Brutally by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Category, By. â€Å"A Discussion of Who Hunters Are and What They Do for Wildlife, Habitat, and Folks Who Don't Even Hunt. † Hunting and Shooting. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Human – Definition of Human by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Malice – Definition of Malice by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Murder – Definition of Murder by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus a nd Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Unlawful – Definition of Unlawful by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. .

The Effect of Conflict Towards Performance

INTRODUCTION Businesses nowadays are operating in a turbulent environment where organisations are searching for measures that will allow them to improve their performance and competitiveness (Dodd, 2003). Conflict is generally regarded as disagreement regarding interests or ideas (Esquivel and Kleiner, 1997). In addition organisational conflict is regarded as the discord that occurs when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible with those of individuals or groups block or frustrate each others in an attempt to achieve their objectives.Conflict are inevitable part of organisational life since the goals of different stakeholders such as managers and staff are often incompatible (Jones  et al. , 2000). Besides that,  Loomis and Loomis (1965)  argue that Conflict is an ever-present process in human relations. That is why various organisations have changed their approaches to enable them to manage their organisations effectively to avoid con flicts at all costs. Conflict is a fact of life in any organisations as longer as people compete for jobs, resources, power, recognition and security.In addition, dealing with conflicts is a great challenge to management (Adomi and Anie, 2005). Conflicts commonly arise when employees interact in organisations and compete for scarce resources. Employees in various organisations are organized into manageable groups in order to achieve common goal, therefore, the probability of conflicts to arise is very high. Nowadays, most serious conflicts make headlines in the newspapers, which might affect the public image of the company. Conflicts have both negative and positive outcomes to the individual employees and the organization at large.There is no one source of conflicts which occurs in organisations at all levels of management (Barker  et al. , 1987). In social life, conflicts do occur but they are managed by family members, friends and relatives. The same case applies to organisation s, when conflicts arise; it needs to be resolved by management for the sake of the organisational growth, survival and enhance performance. However, conflicts are rarely resolved easily, to a certain extend most conflicts are managed, as individuals work out differences (Barker  et al. , 1987).Conflict can occur within groups (intra-group conflict) or among groups (inter-group conflict). Therefore, the main aim of this study is to examine the effects of organizational conflicts towards organizational performance. It specifically tries to examine in detail, the causes, types, effects and recommend various strategies on how to resolve organizational conflicts to enhance organizational performance. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT? ‘A condition between or among workers whose jobs are interdependent, who feel angry, who perceive the other(s) as being at fault, and who act in ways that cause a business problem. (Dana, D. 2001) Interdependency – each party needs something fr om the other and are vulnerable if they don’t get it Feeling Angry – people are emotionally upset – anger is not always visible – some people will hide their anger with a veneer of politeness – however, Dana suggests that the emotion we all know as anger is always present when there is a conflict. Blaming Each Other – each party sees the other as being at fault often moving from the immediate workplace issue into personal issues Causing a Business Problem – How is the conflict impacting on job performance? if it is not then it does not fall within the definition of workplace conflict. This definition includes emotions, thoughts and behaviors – psychologists consider these three the only dimensions of human experience. So conflict is rooted in all parts of our human experience. Factors of conflict in organization 1. Managerial Expectations – it is job of an employee to meet the expectations of his manager, but if those ex pectations is misunderstood, conflict can arise. 2. Breakdown in Communication If a department requires information from another department in order to its job, and the second department does not respond to the request this is will lead to conflict to arise. 3. Misunderstanding the information Internal conflict can sometimes arise as the result of a simple misunderstanding. One person may misunderstand information, and that can trigger a series of conflict. 4. Lack of accountability Organization conflict might arise from frustration. One source of frustration is a lack of accountability.If something has gone wrong, and no one is willing to take responsibility for the problem, this lack of accountability can start to permeate throughout the entire company until the issue is resolved. Factors of conflict in employee 1. Differing values Some employees have strong beliefs, which they are not willing to compromise. These beliefs can conflict with coworkers’, creating conflict. 2. Opposing interest When an employee decides to pursue her own career goal, without regard for the organizational goal and its well- being, it result in strife among coworkers. 3. Personality ConflictsOne employee may have a reserved a personality while another may be more outgoing and forward. Problem arises when the two do not understand or respect each others’ inner nature. 4. Personal problems If the employee has problems outside the workplace, such as marital or parental issues, she may take them to work with her. Positive And Negative Effects Of Conflict It is often assumed that all conflict is bad for the organisation, however if managed effectively, conflict can bring benefits: Potential Positive Effects * Better ideas produced * People forced to search for new approaches Long standing problems brought to the surface and resolved * Clarification of individual views * Stimulation of interest and creativity * A chance for people to test their capacities Potential Negative Effects * Some people feel defeated and demeaned * The distance between people increased * A climate of mistrust and suspicion developed * Individuals and groups concentrate on their own narrow interests * Resistance developed rather than teamwork * An increase in employee turnover Models Of Conflict Management There have been many styles of conflict management behavior that have been researched in the past century.One of the earliest,  Mary Parker Follett  (1926/1940) found that conflict was managed by individuals in three main ways: domination,  compromise, and integration. She also found other ways of handling conflict that were employed by organizations, such as  avoidance  and suppression. Early Conflict Management Models Blake and Mouton (1964) were among the first to present a conceptual scheme for classifying the modes (styles) for handling interpersonal conflicts into five types: forcing, withdrawing, smoothing, compromising, and problem solving.In the 1970â€⠄¢s and 1980’s, researchers began using the intentions of the parties involved to classify the styles of conflict management that they would include in their models. Both Thomas (1976) and Pruitt (1983) put forth a model based on the concerns of the parties involved in the conflict. The combination of the parties concern for their own interests (i. e. assertiveness) and their concern for the interests of those across the table (i. e. cooperativeness) would yield a particular conflict management style.Pruitt called these styles yielding (low assertiveness/high cooperativeness), problem solving (high assertiveness/high cooperativeness), inaction (low assertiveness/low cooperativeness), and contending (high assertiveness/low cooperativeness). Pruitt argues that problem-solving is the preferred method when seeking mutually beneficial options. Khun and Poole’s Model Khun and Poole (2000) established a similar system of group conflict management. In their system, they split Kozan’s confrontational model into two sub models: distributive and integrative. Distributive – Here conflict is approached as a distribution of a fixed amount of positive outcomes or resources, where one side will end up winning and the other losing, even if they do win some concessions. * Integrative – Groups utilizing the integrative model see conflict as a chance to integrate the needs and concerns of both groups and make the best outcome possible. This model has a heavier emphasis on compromise than the distributive model. Khun and Poole found that the integrative model resulted in consistently better task related outcomes than those using the distributive model.DeChurch and Marks’s Meta-Taxonomy Model DeChurch and Marks (2001) examined the literature available on conflict management at the time and established what they claimed was a â€Å"meta-taxonomy† that encompasses all other models. They argued that all other styles have inherent in the m into two dimensions – activeness (â€Å"the extent to which conflict behaviors make a responsive and direct rather than inert and indirect impression†) and agreeableness (â€Å"the extent to which conflict behaviors make a pleasant and relaxed rather than unpleasant and strainful impression†).High activeness is characterized by openly discussing differences of opinion while fully going after their own interest. High agreeableness is characterized by attempting to satisfy all parties involved In the study they conducted to validate this division, activeness did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of  conflict resolution, but the  agreeableness  of the conflict management style, whatever it was, did in fact have a positive impact on how groups felt about the way the conflict was managed, regardless of the outcome. CONFLICT CONTROLSTRATEGY| POSSIBLE ACTIONS| EXAMPLES| Avoidance| Avoid situations where conflict occurs; reduce triggering events ; cooling off periods| Reduce contact between the parties; set up system for dealing with conflict subjects; adjourn meetings| Alteration| Change the form or place of the conflict| Agree not to argue in front of others, or to criticise each other without making a positive suggestion; meet before conflict situations to resolve problems| Feedback| Help parties to understand how others are affected| Other people are upset; team s losing resources or cooperation from others; loss of dignity| Help With Consequences| Provide support, more rest, more thinking time| Neutral person to listen to stressed people; time off; more social events; encourage getting away from the office at lunch time; discourage overwork| Suggestions To Overcome Conflict Management. There are many ways to overcome this problem. Here are some suggestions and tips to manage and cope with the conflict management towards organization. * Build a certain and good communication. * As we know communication is a process of i nteract between one person to another.Communication is a tool to convey a message. A good communication can avoid misunderstanding and uncertain information and can directly solve any problem wisely. All person in any organization must know how to build a good communication and know how to react with any problem to a void conflict. If there is something that they might in argue or disagree they have to sit together and come out with a best solution that everyone satisfied. * Don’t ignore conflict. * Conflict in organization can lead a positive outcomes too. Each person in any organization must take a fairly solution and never avoid and ignore the conflict.It is very essential because it can avoid the problem become twice and become bigger and bigger. Conflict might happen in any organization because each person have a different opinion, goals, value and belief. So, everyone must support and help each other to cope the conflict in order to achieve a common goal in the organiza tion. * Have an own conflict management skills. * Skills such us know how negotiate and know how to minimized anger can help and enhance the effectiveness of good working environment. This will make everyone in the organization can achieve a joyful in a workplace.The way everyone carry themselves in the work place can avoid a conflict and misunderstanding between each other. Everyone in any organization must have their own conflict management skills so that every single problem can be solve and minimized easily. Four ways towards organizational performance 1. PM focuses on results, rather than behaviors and activities A common misconception among supervisors is that behaviors and activities are the same as results. Thus, an employee may appear extremely busy, but not be contributing at all toward the goals of the organization.An example is the employee who manually reviews completion of every form and procedure, rather than supporting automation of the review. The supervisor may con clude the employee is very committed to the organization and works very hard, thus, deserving a very high performance rating. 2. Aligns organizational activities and processes to the goals of the organization PM identifies organizational goals, results needed to achieve those goals, measures of effectiveness or efficiency (outcomes) toward the goals, and means (drivers) to achieve the goals.This chain of measurements is examined to ensure alignment with overall results of the organization. 3. Cultivates a system-wide, long-term view of the organization. Richard A. Swanson, in  Performance Improvement Theory and Practice  (Advances in Developing Human Resources, 1, 1999), explains an effective performance improvement process must follow a systems-based approach while looking at outcomes and drivers. Otherwise, the effort produces a flawed picture. For example, laying off people will likely produce short-term profits.However, the organization may eventually experience reduced prod uctivity, resulting in long-term profit loss. 4. Produces meaningful measurements These measurements have a wide variety of useful applications. They are useful in benchmarking, or setting standards for comparison with best practices in other organizations. They provide consistent basis for comparison during internal change efforts. They indicate results during improvement efforts, such as employee training, management development, quality programs, etc. They help ensure equitable and fair treatment to employees based on performance.

Argentinas Economics

Examines the economic recovery of the early 1990s under President Menems reforms, background, monetary policy, foreign investment, taxes and future. Introduction Argentina, along with much of Latin America, suffered an economic downturn during the 1980s. However, with the Menem administration (elected in the late 1980s), the country undertook a series of economic reforms designed to bring the country out of its economic doldrums and into a new era of prosperity. Many of those reforms had the desired effect so that by 1994, the country had seen its economic situation improve dramatically; this was reflected in the nations financial markets. The nation suffered an economic recession in 1995, but further steps taken by the government have strengthened the economy to the point that by 1996, performance had returned to 1994 levels. Argentina endured a recession during 1994 and 1995, but its long-term economic performance is expected to be strong. This research considers the economic recovery that

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Human Resource Management - Essay Example It is essential to have a workforce that understands cultures of various regions and markets; therefore, a multi-talented and multicultural workforce is necessary in modern businesses. As a human resource manager in the business, I would ensure that recruitment policies allow admission and employment of multicultural workers. This will make the business able to penetrate different markets and regions in its expansion approaches. One of the advantages of this index is that it provides the human resource department with various financial-performance metrics. In addition, it helps business managers to make effective assessments of their investments in human resources. Alternatively, the index is essential in testing the belief of whether it is profitable to manage human capital effectively in a business. This way, the business can determine the most reliable pay structures for its human resources and other benefits for them to be productive. In the business practice, I would make use of the index in determining efficiency of employees in order to know the pay structures that should be assigned to different workers. This will be essential in paying employees and giving them benefits commensurate to their abilities and dedication to the business. Outsourcing, as a business practice is defined as the act of contracting out various business processes to other external parties. In some case, the process of outsourcing requires transferring the employees of a business, as well as its assets to another firm. As businesses expand, the need to focus on its core competencies becomes paramount; in this case, its human resources can be strained. Outsourcing some of the business practices becomes essential in helping the business to put emphasis on its core competencies to succeed. In the human resource department, I can use outsourcing to ensure that as the business grows, some of its activities like product promotion are outsourced to other expert groups so that

Analysis of Various Artworks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Various Artworks - Assignment Example The paper "Analysis of Various Artworks" analyzes Marcel Duchamp's "Sad young man in a train", Robert Rauschenberg's "Creek", Joseph Beuys' "Rabbit" and Andy Warhol's "Butterfly". Exploring everything from cubism to futurism, Sad Young man in a Train pertains to his mechanistic period, when he was keenly concerned with depicting a fourth dimension in art. Marcel regarded it as a self portrait, and is shows a sad young man who is smoking in a train. The reverse direction of movement, the many windows and the effect of the man smoking all have been captured in the juxtaposition of movement that is shown by this masterpiece. When it comes to proportion, there is consistency portrayed in the artwork by pairing dark and golden tones with soft tones, used to depict movement which makes the meaning being reflected by the artwork consistent. Also, emphasis is used through the contrast of dark and bright colours to express reality. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) was a prominent American pain ter known for his Neo-Dadism, a label represented by him and fellow artist Jasper Johns. He was interested in exploring the gap between life and art. His creations of the 1950s called Combines were inspired by everyday objects that he found on the streets of New York; he often found surprising objects that he transformed into art. He was also one of the first to combine art and mechanics. The painting entitled Creek probably pertains to his Blue period since there is a preponderance of blue in the image.

Cultural Tensions in 1950s Hollywood Film Essay

Cultural Tensions in 1950s Hollywood Film - Essay Example As America emerged from the darkest days of the â€Å"Red Scare†, which saw the Hollywood film community intimidated by politicians, it was considered risky at best to undertake a thoughtful and soul-searching study of American political institutions and society. It is the thesis of this essay that Twelve Angry Men uses the instruments of American government and culture to effectively combat just these prejudices and bigotries. The film zeroes in on the New York of the 1950’s, the scene of a massive influx of Puerto Rican immigration in the years since the Second World War ended. There was considerable backlash by older immigrant stock both resentful and fearful of the newcomers. This tendency is frequently found today in soft areas of cultural intrusion and the perception of threat—whether real or imaginary—by the â€Å"invaders.† Such borderline xenophobia is of course not confined to America in that decade, but it seemed to present a crisis at th e local level at that time. It is into this setting that Twelve Angry Men is embedded. A Puerto Rican youth is accused of patricide in the stabbing death of his father, and it is his misfortune to come before a jury of largely apathetic or overtly racist men to hear the case. The film uses the sterilised laboratory of the American courtroom and jury deliberation room in the relentless search for objectivity and ultimate truth. Since this is a capital murder case, it is also a life or death decision for the defendant, the death penalty then being the punishment for the guilty. Whilst this would seem to demand the utmost care and commitment of the men on the panel, in fact the opposite happens. They range from the apathetic and even jovial to annoyance and boredom at the proceedings. Thus, there is also a subordinated theme of indifference to this highest of civic duties. Into this vacuum steps Davis, a man who seems to take his duties seriously. Disturbed at what he interpreted as a weak defence for the accused, he is the sole holdout as the poll goes around the room, voting â€Å"not guilty†. The other panelists have already determined the young man’s guilt, but Davis wants to â€Å"talk†; that is, he wants to open a dialogue box to try to find the truth. In this, he is after all only discharging his constitutional obligation to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. After this first polling, he gradually wins over one by one his fellow panelists, but it is not easy. Davis does not pretend to have all the answers, only probing questions to find the truth in the shadow of prejudice. In perhaps the most trenchant bit of dialogue in the script, Davis confronts the most blatantly bigoted member of the group after eyewitness testimony by a Puerto Rican woman throws some doubt on the deliberations. â€Å"She’s one of them, isn’t she?† he demands of the bigot. â€Å"You’re a pretty smart fella, aren’t you?à ¢â‚¬  the man replies, and then mutters to the others, â€Å"what’s he getting so smart about?† Possibly for the first time in his life, he has had his thought processes stimulated by a stranger. Soon, he changes his verdict as well. But Davis is far from arrogant in his search for objective truth. In another memorable scene in the water closet, another man confronts Davis and plants the seed of doubt in his mind. â€Å"How do you know the kid didn’t really knife his father?†

U.S. Supreme Court decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. Supreme Court decision - Essay Example In April, advocates for parental choice in education scored a major victory in the precedent-setting case before the United States Supreme Court, American Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn. The court ruled by a narrow 5-4 margin that the Arizona program promoting school choice can continue − dismissing a lawsuit waged by the American Civil Liberties Union on behalf of taxpayers who disliked the program. The ruling favored arguments made by the Alliance Defense Fund, a conservative legal organization that defended ACSTO over the years. The concurring justices found that taxpayers have no standing to challenge the program because the contributions going toward tax credits are private funds − not government funds (Liptak, 2011). ACSTO, like many other programs in the U.S., gives state residents the ability to receive a tax credit for contributions to private organizations that provide private schools with scholarships. This ruling has wide-ranging effects across the governmental, political, and structural spheres of America.The ACSTO decision will greatly impact the way state governmental entities deal with programs similar to ACSTO across the country. Now that such programs will be recognized as legitimate, due to U.S. Supreme Court precedent, state institutions will no longer be able to easily keep state residents from freely donating their money to organizations that help parents send their children to the private schools of their choice. Also, elected, appointed, and/or career policymakers, such as the U.S. Supreme Court Justices who presided over this case ? as well as lawmakers, senators, governors and mayors ? will be making more and more decisions based on the precedent set in this case regarding the use of private funds donated to generate tax credits. Now, bureaucracies will not be allowed to strike down such contributions within the states that adopt the precedent set in Arizona. On the political level, the ACSTO decision has man y far-reaching ramifications. Political parties, interest groups, and unions that are generally opposed to religious organizations receiving funding in the form of tax credits generated from private contributions will have their hands tied when opposing such programs. Leftist social movements opposed to private schools will now have a more difficult time shutting down programs resembling ACSTO. Also, with the case’s national attention, 2012 presidential election campaigns and voters agreeing with the decision will more likely take a stance on the parental choice issue. With the extensive media coverage, public opinion was likely swayed in one way or the other. Many were likely swayed by the executive director of the special interest group Americans United for the Separation, Rev. Barry Lynn, who said that the court â€Å"has slammed the courthouse door in the face of Americans who don’t want their tax dollars to subsidize religion (Biskupic, 2011). On the other hand, those with conservative ideals were likely influenced by media statements made by Tim Keller, executive director of the Institute of Justice’s Arizona chapter, who saw the victory as rebuffing â€Å"efforts by school choice opponents to use the courts to halt programs that empower families to chose a private school education if that is where their child’s needs will be best served (Biskupic, 2011).† The political climate on education has undergone a shift since the decision. Furthermore, the structural forces that hold our nation together, such as the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, state laws, our federalist system, and the economy, can all be affected in some way by the ACSTO ruling. To accommodate such program funding, federal and state constitutions can be amended, laws can be changed, and the economy can be reshaped, as tax credits up to $500 for donations to groups funding religious schools redistributes much money (Weiss, 2011). The decision could also spur a demographic shift, as families

Situating convenience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Situating convenience - Assignment Example This is because the stock of the product is moving fast as compared to the other products in the store. The target group for this product is almost everybody. This is because everyone, with the exception of the young ones who cannot eat by themselves, uses it. The product has a wide range of market in various countries worldwide. The product is promoted through almost all the media outlets. The product is promoted on the radio, television, and the social media. The television is the best mode of promoting a product because the consumers are shown how the product is cooked and served. This through demonstration by experienced cooking experts. Through this demonstration, the customers will be attracted to buy and use the product. In addition, the company producing a product is using their website and social media web pages like facebook and twitter to advertise and promote the product. This is because the digital media is applicable in all fields today. Everyone in the society is registered in one or all the social media web pages. The company will attract the attention of many customers through this kind of advertisement. Moreover, the accessibility of the internet in various ways like cybercafà ©s, phones, and computers will enable many people to access the websites of the company. In the website, the users or customers will be able to access various favorites of the products, how they are used and cooked. The customers will be going to the market after getting the knowledge of the product from the social media or other media outlets. The goal of the product is to satisfy all the users using the product. This is through the efforts of the company to produce as many products as possible to satisfy the needs of all customers worldwide. In addition, the product is making the consumers have a balanced diet in the meals. This is because the consumer cannot use type of food for some time as it can cause

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney Literature review

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney - Literature review Example Horney’s early childhood was marked by divergent behavioral tendencies. For instance, she had an unusual fancy for her elder brother. This was most probably a psychological response to arising from wrong perceptions of her father as a ‘dictator’. Her intellectual capabilities were just developing into more varied and complex perceptions at this time. Her early childhood was also marked by rebellion against her father’s autocratic pontifications. She openly rebelled against his despotic commands and sought to self-assert on everything that she felt was important. In addition to this marked tendency to oppose her father because she felt that he didn’t love her enough, deep down this small girl there was evolving perceptive disbelief in the existing dispensation of affairs. She alleged that her father loved her brother much more than he did her. She was not only ambitious but also constantly focused on intellectual pursuits. At the age of nine, she felt that her image suffered from some inadequacies. She was even depressed by the feeling that she wasn’t beautiful, though by any standards she was pretty enough. With the subsequent rejection by her brother of her unusual behavior towards him, there developed a period of collapse into dejection and depression. On and off a relapse into bouts of depression could be noticed during this period. She was more of a narcissist or an introvert that showed an unusual interest in the self-image (Quinn, 1989). Subsequent to her parents’ divorce in 1904, her mother moved into a separate place with the kids. Karen was one of the first few girls to be admitted to a German University for medicine. Finally, she graduated from the University of Berlin in 1913. It was during this period that she met her future husband, Oskar Horney. She married him in 1909 and in 1910 she had her first baby girl, Brigitte. Two other girls followed and Karen was a happy mother.  

Research Report - Media futures and new technologies Essay

Research Report - Media futures and new technologies - Essay Example This examination considers the element pressure between media advances and the different social drives that have molded development and utilization in the media journalism industry. At long last, study of a few ways that technology matters is carried out. It serves to shape parts of social life and finish up by concentrating on select new media issues. Every medium has it mechanical capacities that influence the conveyance of content, sound, and visual pictures. Case in point, a music show performed by one of the most loved specialists could be telecast live by a radio station; would hear the sound however not the capacity to see the entertainers. A magazine could print a tale about the show and give photos to demonstrate what the occasion looked like, however just afterward and without sound. A television system could convey live sound and feature; however any content conveyance would be ungainly, maybe constrained to a scrolling "creep" at the lowest part of the screen. A television would likewise have sound and feature, yet it would be accessible just well after the first show date. The Internet is novel capable of serving as an advanced stage that empowers these gimmicks print, sound, still photographs, and feature and do it live. Furthermore, those viewing the streamed show online could speak with other music fans through tex ting or tweets. It is presenting a type of intelligence that is unrealistic with television forms of the media industry. The innovative impediments of every medium set the parameters for the utilization. With digitization, however, distinctive media united to a solitary advanced multimedia, making a few refinements less clear. The Internet whether got to through machine, cell phone, or amusement support is a bland stage of machine systems that considers the conveyance of all manifestations of media. Media, before the ascent of the Internet, can be considered fitting in with the time of

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Example for Free

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Distinguish between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The name Theravada means â€Å"the way of the elders.† It is an austere religion that requires solitude, meditation, and self-mastery through which each member hopes to achieve Nirvana. Because of these requirements, the possibility of liberation is limited to a few. Many of its followers are monks and nuns who spend most of their time in meditation and teaching. Theravada Buddhism is sometimes called â€Å"Hinayana Buddhism,† Hinayana meaning â€Å"small vehicles,† but this term is not accepted by followers of the religion (Conze, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Mahayana means â€Å"large vehicle.† It is a less austere system than Theravada Buddhism and emphasizes liberation for everyone. Many Mahayana Buddhists believe in liberation through good faith and good works. Their object is not only to obtain a personal Nirvana, but to help others to that goal (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mahayana branch has developed a system of ideal Buddhas, or enlightened ones. The most important Buddha is the Amitabha, or Amida, Budhha, to whom members can appeal for deliverance. Some Mahana Buddhists also believe in a goddess, a symbol of compassion, who is called Kwan Yin in China and Kwannon in Japan (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahayana Buddhists have elaborate temples presided over by priests. They have colorful festivals and solemn rituals. Statues of the various Buddhas and Bodhisattras (Buddhas-to-be) play a part in their worship, but the statues themselves are not worshiped. Mahayana Buddhism is divided into many sects, including Zen, Jodo, Shin, Tendai, and Nichiren Shoshu (Soka Gakkai) (Carrithers, 2003). Reference: Carrithers, Michael. The Buddha (Oxford University 2003). Conze, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism (Allen Unwin, 2002). Mizuno, Kogen. Basic Buddhist Concepts (Tuttle, 2001).

The Sioux Tribe From The Great Plains In North America

The Sioux Tribe From The Great Plains In North America Sioux Tribe Before Contact The Sioux Tribe from The Great Plains in North America. The Sioux Tribe had a very different cultural outlook compared to our more modern culture. They did not have our advanced technology standards or the amount of knowledge about the world that we currently have. Although they didnt have the knowledge we have, they knew more about their land than many other tribes. They knew a lot about the animals and resources they had and when they would have to move. The Siouans moved according to the amount of resources they had in their area. This included the amount of water, plants and mainly bison. The Siouans followed the masses of bison as they played a very important role in their lives. The Sioux Tribes most distinguished quality was their religious beliefs. They did everything according to these beliefs which was the foundation of their culture. They actually had a very sophisticated and complicated religion but managed to merge it into their daily lifestyle. The Sioux Tribes held many ceremonies to thank the gods and spirits, who they believed existed within nature itself. Most natural occurrences were believed to be caused by the hateful spirits. Though, the wanted occurrences were thought to be given as a reward from Mother Nature. They believed that the land and all life was sacred and treasured the saying All life is holy the two legged sharing it with the four legged and the wings of the air, and all green things. Timeline of events which occurred before contact with non-indigenous people 6000BC The Siouans changed their food acquisition strategies to meet changing conditions by developing new tools and techniques for hunting bison. 3. Early trade among early peoples found in Manitoba copper from Lake Superior, pipestone from Minnesota, shell from the Gulf of Mexico, volcanic glass from Wyoming, flint from North Dakota. 500BC Climate change appeared to hamper growth of native corn varieties First Nations and The Sioux Tribes gradually switched from agriculture to more hunting, fishing and trapping. Maize was grown but bison hunting appeared to be dominant. Maintained important trading relationships and cultural exchanges with First Nations from the south. 1100 AD 1500 AD Map of where the Sioux Tribes were located During Contact and Comparison To Aboriginal Contact The non-indigenous people who colonized the land were the Europeans such as the Spanish and French and the white men otherwise known as the British. The original intents of the Europeans and British were to expand their land for power and for wealth. After Christopher Columbus first discovered America expecting it to be Asia it alerted other nations. This caused other countries to colonise around these areas and hence the Spanish were the first people to meet with the Siouans. The Spanish spread news about the resources and large areas to other European countries which led to more and more Europeans colonizing in that region. As well as the large amounts of space, the Europeans and British took notice of the valuable resources which then led to the trading and mining of the land. During that time, one of the most valuable resources was gold. Loads of gold was found around that region which caused a gold rush, and because of the overwhelming greed of the Europeans, more and more people began to rush to this region which forced the Siouans to leave their lands and move to other areas where the bison went. The Europeans and others were so greedy that they rapidly colonized the whole area thinking that there would be masses of gold there as well which continually forced the Siouans to move away. The first arrival of the Europeans was quite friendly and they had no evil intentions. They wanted peace with the Sioux Tribes and didnt want to disrupt their beliefs and cultural habits. Even though they had different perspectives and beliefs compared to the Sioux Nation, they didnt really mind their differences until later on. Both groups thought that their cultural practices were acceptable at first but when they gained more knowledge about what each group did, they both detested the others beliefs and despised each other. The Europeans believed that all land could be bought and completely owned which disgusted the because they believed that all land was sacred and holy. They thought that the land could be used by everyone for the benefit of everyone. The Sioux Tribe let the Europeans take over their land only because they wanted peace and thought that everyone was allowed on the land. After the Europeans slowly maintained more and more of the Siouans sacred land and began to break their promises. The Siouans saw their horrible intentions of taking over all of the land which was evil and intolerable hence the Siouans declared war on the Europeans. The first known meeting between any western Siouans and the whites was in 1541, when De Soto reached the Quapaw villages in east Arkansas. The Spanish and the Siouans didnt really fight because they had met had the Valley of Vapors. Members of many tribes had gathered at the valley over many years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. The tribes had developed agreements to put aside their weapons and partake of the healing waters in peace while in the valley. De Soto and his men stayed just long enough to claim the area for Spain. In 1640 the earliest notice of the main northwestern tribe is that of the French explorers. Some French traders soon followed. These men wanted the furs of animals that lived in the Dakota country such as buffalos. In exchange, they introduced the Dakota to goods such as flint and steel. These traders also brought glass, breads, metal knives, axes, guns, flour and sugar to the Dakota. At first the Siouans were fine with the white Europeans since they brought goods. They were able to enjoy the benefits brought to them by the traders and did not suffer much upset to their way of life because there were only a few white people who lived on their land, but by 1685, the Sioux territory was claimed by the French pushing the Siouans down the Mississippi and away from the Buffalo Plains. The Sioux Tribe despised what the Europeans did so they declared war. The first contact of Europeans or white people was quite different between the Sioux tribe and the indigenous people of Australia. They were different in the sense that the Sioux tribe benefitted a little from the Europeans where as the Aborigines suffered major consequences from the British. When the French traders first met the Sioux tribe, they wanted the furs of animals that lived there and in return the Siouans received some goods such as flint and steel as well as guns and other weapons. This helped both the Siouans and the French because they were able to gain new information and products or resources. When the British first met the indigenous people of Australia, they wanted to claim the land and thought that no one owned it. So they decided to ship their convicts over to Australia because they needed more space. The Aborigines didnt want them there because they were greedy and stole their valuable resources and didnt give much in return. This was terrible and so the Aborigines tried to force them to leave which resulted in the death of many Aborigines. This is very different because the initial result for the Siouans was helpful whereas the result for the Aboriginals was brutal and fatal. Though the end the result for both groups were similar because that they both ended up fighting wars. Consequences of Colonization and Comparison to Aboriginal Experiences The result of colonization for the Sioux tribe started off quite well because they were given new resources and goods such as horses, cloth and guns. Unfortunately, with new resources came new diseases that the Siouans had no immunity over such as small pox which killed many of the Siouans. Cultural differences also caused mass destruction in the Sioux tribe. The Siouans believed in different things compared to the Europeans which caused distrust leading into major arguments and battles or clashes where many people were killed. Treaties were made by both sides, but people changed these treaties which were then ignored. Soon, the Sioux and other nations were given reservation land to live on, but frequently they were relocated when valuable commodities such as gold were found on their lands. After a long period of time with the Europeans, they began fighting at war again because of land and resources that the Siouans were receiving. This caused major conflict between the groups and soon the Siouans were forced to leave their land. For the Spanish and other Europeans, colonization was quite rewarding for them from the beginning and afterwards although it led to the death of many Siouans and Europeans. It was rewarding for the Europeans because they eventually got what they originally intended. They obtained the land and resources they wanted as well as their precious gold. This was wonderful for the Europeans because it meant that they had huge masses of land and they could easily expand their territories across the whole of America. By taking the land, the Europeans became extremely powerful and wealthy. The Spanish also learnt some of the cultural practices from the Sioux Tribes which benefitted them greatly. However taking over the land wasnt all that great because it meant that thousands of people from both colonies had to be killed in the process of conquering the land. Colonization of the Spanish also meant that they would have to adapt to the conditions of that region which also brought them some new diseases and difficulties because they couldnt completely utilize the advantages or conditions of the land. For both the Sioux Tribe and Aborigines, colonization had an extremely similar result. Once the Europeans and British conquered the Sioux Tribes and took their land, the Siouans were left absolutely powerless. Even though the Sioux Tribes tried to fight back with everything they had, it was still disastrous because their technology and numbers were just incapable of winning. This was exactly the same with the Aborigines because once the British came and tried to conquer the land, they were successful and the Aborigines were left defeated and powerless. The British overpowered the Aborigines with their superior technology and speed on horsebacks. Land wasnt the only thing lost from both cultures. Religious beliefs and cultural practices were also lost through colonization. The traditions of both cultures were greatly affected with major losses. Sacred cultures and beliefs slowly faded away because of the massacres which prevented the indigenous people to pass down their stories or Dreamtimes from generation to generation. Both indigenous groups took massive tolls because of the mass annihilation and destruction of colonization. This was horrible because no one was able to live in peace and harmony.

Value Engineering Management Executive Summery Construction Essay

Value Engineering Management Executive Summery Construction Essay Value Management is structured and systematic process of team based decision making and professional team may involve to the workshop by decision making as per the current situation, condition or issue. VE is a speculated cost control techniques performed by an independent group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and creative study to reduce cost while enhancing reliability and performance. Most of investors enthusiastic to have best value for their investment by implementing Value management/ engineering process, through life cycle of the projects. As a result of unstable world economy and political conditions, Al Maya Resident Complex project (Including with 25 no stories and car park in three story basement) client was unable to find necessary funds required for the project. Therefore the cost of construction should reduce as much as possible. Hence it is necessary to carry out a value engineering workshop to find out possible ways to reduce the cost of construction by maintaining the required level of quality, performance and functional requirement. ACKNOWLEDGMENT INTRODUCTION Value Management is well established methodology which can use for maximizing the value for money. Value management strategies can apply at any stage of the life cycle (project from inception to the demolition) of a project. By applying value management strategies since the conception stage of a project, the client will be able to achieve a better value for his investment (money) by providing required level of quality, performance and all necessary functions. The client can carry out Value management / engineering work shops while construction is ongoing also by considering market conditions, economy conditions, political conditions, environmental conditions etc to seek better value for money by finding alternative methods, do changes as necessary etc. MAIN BODY DISCUSSION What Is the Value Engineering/ Value Management? Concept of Value Engineering When study about concept of VE, Lawrence Miles who is the founder of VE in 1940s a purchase engineer with the  General Electric Company  (G. E. C). Miles observed that many of the alternates were providing equal or better performance at a lower cost and from this changed the first definition of value engineering, as per the article of WBDG National Institute of Building Sciences by Scott Cullen (12-15-2010). Value Management Process Value Management is structured and systematic process of team based decision making and professional team may involve to the workshop by decision making as per the current situation, condition or issue. There are few stages in decision making such as; Information phase. Objective phase. Functional analysis phase. Creativity phase. Evaluation phase. Development phase. Reporting and recommendation phase. What Is the different of VE and VM? VE Consider from a tactical point of view, VM consider from the strategic point of view. In simple terms VM address WHY? And VE address HOW? What Is the Value Engineering? The Value Engineering for Wastewater Treatment Works of USA- EPA, noted in it, VE is a speculated cost control techniques performed by an independent group of experienced professionals. The technique involves an intensive, systematic and creative study to reduce cost while enhancing reliability and performance. Why Is it used? To establish the best design alternatives for Projects. To reduce unnecessary cost on the Projects. To improve quality, increase reliability and availability, and customer satisfaction. To improve schedule. To reduce risk. To identify problems and develop recommended solutions. Generally value engineering process can be apply at any point/ phase in a project, However, usually if use in early stage of the project life cycle, will have sufficient benefits on investment. There are three main stages of VEs application, those are describing as below. Planning Phase Planning stage is pre-study preparation phase of VE; there are additional benefits to be resulted from a Value Engineering Workshop. Therefore independent team can be: Review the program. Perform a functional analysis of the facility. Obtain the owner/users definition of value. Define the key criteria and objectives for the project. Verify/validate the proposed program. Review master plan utility options, Offer alternative solutions. Verify if the budget is adequate. Graph showing the potential savings from VE applications Graph 1.1 VE application This graph shows very clear VE benefits of VE application furthermore. (Extracted from Value Engineering for Wastewater Treatment Works of USA- EPA) VE Workshop Phase This is the most important phase of the VE process, generally address as VE workshop, required at least one workshop, typically 40- hour workshop session. As well as, client and designer whom they are decide the location as convenient of them. The first step is prepare of agenda including; Introduction, Briefing of value engineering, Presentation of Project design by project designer, Outline of the project Constrains, Question by VE team members for the designer, Methodology and Approach There are particular identify five-step during the actual Workshop of job plan of the VE study, as prescribed by article of Value Engineering; by Scott Cullen in WDBG program. Information Phase The Value management facilitator gives brief explanation to all participants about the value management process, project and study objectives; roles and rules of the exercise. Information about the project objectives, critical issues and constraints identified at the Strategic Diagnosis meeting, etc. Speculation (Creative) Phase Collecting of creativity ideas from each team member and analyze them to identify which idea is worthy, which one should improve to use, which one not worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc. Judgment (Evaluation) Phase By evaluating all creativity ideas with cost benefits etc the decision making team will take the final decision about each idea / proposal to incorporate to the final report. Development Phase (Value Management Proposals) In this phase VE team prepare alternative designs with capital and life cycle cost comparison of original design and proposed alternative. And all recommendation supplements with written descriptions, sketches, basic technical information and cost summaries. Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) In this phase VE team present the summery of it s finding to the owner and designers, explaining the basic ideas of alternatives. Post Work shop phase The Value management Facilitator prepares and presents a report for key stake holders of the project which includes Summary of each phase, decisions made and actions to be taken, alternative methods and materials etc. which provide a complete audit trail. Then client and designers will consider the VE recommendations. Value Engineering Workshop Report of Al Maya Residential Complex Project Introduction This Dubai base multi story residential Complex project; Client is a one of the reputed experienced person in the Construction industry. According to the requirement of the client, he anticipate to reduce the unnecessary cost in the project if available, without touching or disturbing to the original quality, value of the project that planned at the began. This workshop was held in client office and all expenditure bared by client as own budget. Hence Value management and value engineering workshops are conducted according to the following principles: The workshop is held to reduce the cost of the project. All participants are stakeholder of the project. All participants take part and are able to put forward ideas and suggestions. The study was facilitated by Mr. Susan Ali and Mr. Smith De Silva of Sullivan of PMP Pty Ltd in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 4183:1994 (Value Management). Project details Type of the project Al Maya Resident Complex including with 25 no stories and car park in three story basement. Participants Client Mr./Ms Al Suwahdi Mohomad Civil Engineer (Contractor) ASCON Construction LLC Project Manager- ALEC Project Management LLC Architect- Design Group LLC MEP Designer- ASCON Construction LLC Quantity Surveyor- TEAMS Consultant LLC Safety Manger- ASCON Construction LLC Value Engineer Team- PMP Value Management LLC Location of the Project Zone 452/5, Block No.115, Emirate garden, Al Kahweenj, Dubai Duration of Construction 24 Months (18 Months remaining for Construction) Agreed Cost of the Contract AED 30.5 million agreed sum Current Issue Reduction of Unnecessary construction cost of the Proposed Resident Complex project through without touching or disturbing the required level of quality, functions and value due to lack of allocated finance. Agenda of Value Engineering Workshop Project: Al Maya Resident Complex including with 25 nos stories and car park in three story basement. Subject: Reduction of Unnecessary construction cost of the Project due to lack of allocated finance. Location: On 12th Nov. 2012 at the Park Building, Dubai. One day basis No. Events Person From To 1. Introduction Clients representative 9.00 am 9.15am 2. Briefing of VE VE Team leader 9.15 am 9.45am 3. Presentation of the Project details Designers 9.45am 10.15am 4. Tea Break 10.15am 10.30am 5. Outline the Project constrain Project Manager 10.30am 11.00am 6. Questions by Value Manger VE member 11.00am 12.00pm 7. Lunch 12.00pm 12.30pm 8. Information Phase VE member 12.30pm 1.30pm 9. Speculation Phase VE member 1.30pm 2.00pm 10. Judgment Phase All Individual members (VE members) 2.00pm 3.00pm 11. Development Phase VE member 3.00pm 3.30pm 12. Tea Time 3.30pm 3.45pm 13. Presentation Phase 3.45pm 4.30pm The VE workshop This Value Engineering Workshop occurred according to the five-stage of job plan that recommended by New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4183: 1994). The aim of this value Engineering workshop consist of identifying unnecessary cost, developing alternatives, enabling decisions to be made without touching or disturbing the required level of quality, functions and value. Information phase Particularly in this phase of the workshop, client shared relevant information with workshop members, mainly objective of the workshop to ready all participant for ask questions, begin to develop ideas and suggestions and challenge ideas already on the table. The ideas are being to promote innovative alternatives and ideas that may lead to better value outcomes for the project. All participant were presented they ideas asking question at this stage therefore this very important stage of the VE workshop for clearly make understand of the objective further. Client Agent He explained the project background and objectives for all participants clearly, and his expectation getting of workshop finally as unnecessary cost reduction of the project without touching or disturbing the project original scope. Civil Engineer He explained the existing situation of construction and agreed with some proposals given by VE team. Such as local made sanitary fittings and accessories, wall floor tiles, etc. due all make under UK standards Project Manager He explained possibility of mange for all ideas Architect He very much concerned about change of tile and local made sanitary items, eventually, he satisfy and explain those are under similar quality of original design. MEP Designer He explained the possibility of change of lighting system inside the all room without harm to the original quality and value. Quantity Surveyor He explained cost effective for all participant ideas, Safety Manger He explained concerning the safety side for all new ideas, potential incident in future as well as some changes by recommended. Value Engineer Team They explained the their proposals Speculative phase This step of the VE workshop concerned developing creative ideas, the VE team trace all possible methods of providing the required functions within the project at a lower cost to the owner, many of the ideas were generated during the function analysis by detraining the worth of Collecting of creativity ideas from each team member and analyze them to identify which idea is worthy, which one should improve to use, which one not worthy or additional study required to evaluate, etc. Hence, all ideas given by the Value engineering team are as follows, and also the Quantity Surveyor provided possible cost saving by each idea. N Specified work items in Contract Proposed Ideas Comments Original Cost Proposed Cost Potential Savings 1. Important sanitary fittings and bath room accessories UK made as specified. locally made Similar quality instead of import from UK Cost saving, not effect to the quality. AED 4.2 million AED 3.1 million AED 0.9 million 2. 9 cement blocks for internal walls. 4 cement block for internal walls. Cost saving and not change the quality. AED 8.5 million AED 6.1 million AED 1.5 million 3. 100 Lux Normal Incandescent Lights bulbs for all rooms and out sides 100 Lux energizer bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs. Cost saving but the change will effect to the appearance AED 11.0 million AED 8.0 million AED 1.0 million 4. Cast in-suit concrete floor and guard wall of Car park. Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls. Cost saving Possible time. AED 5.5 million AED 5.5 million 5. Electrical panel boards and accessories units import from UK. Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made. Cost saving and might not high standard with compare of UK made. AED 10.0 million AED 10.0 million 6. 9 inch thick internal block wall as specified. For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls. Cost saving, AED15.0 million AED15 million All participants were noted down the ideas but not judge them at this stage. Later in the workshop all participants would be given the opportunity to judge all proposals for worth and assess whether can be implemented to archive the aim of the VE workshop, hence at the Judgment Phase each of the ideas was evaluated for worth. JUDGEMENT PHASE In this phase the whole group judged the speculative ideas for merit; the purpose being to identify ideas that are likely to reduce cost of the project. Evaluation The following table lists the ideas submitted by participants and they were evaluated in accordance with the following rating system: Each Idea has rated by each participant as how it is effecting to the time, cost and quality of the project. Then it is possible to put rates at the opportunity column according to the given points by professionals. Then the Value Engineering Coordinator can select which proposal should develop, which proposal should reject and also which proposal can directly push for the action, etc. Company: PMP Value Management LLC. Project: Al Maya Residential Complex Project,( 25 storey and Car park in basement) Held on : 05-10-2012 Table of Impact of VE workshop Summary No Description Impact Opp. Action Remarks T C Q 1. Locally made Similar quality instead of import from France made sanitary fittings accessories. 5 5 4 5 A Cost saving 2. 4 cement block for internal walls. 5 4 5 5 A Cost saving 3. 100 Lux energizer bulbs instead of specified Incandescent Lights bulbs. 5 3 3 4 R Effect to Appearance 4. Precast concrete for car park floor slab and guard walls. 5 5 5 5 D To be identify possible areas 5. Electrical panel boards and accessory units should import from china instead of UK made. 3 5 4 4 A Cost saving but should order again 6. For all 9 inch brick internal wall should be changed to 4 inch block walls. 3 5 5 5 A Cost saving but design to be done back Code of Rating Opp = Opportunity, Impact= T Time, C Cost, Q Quality Rating of Impact = 1 Possible/Low, 5-Very Possible/High Action=A (Accept), D (Develop), R (Reject) This identified ideas with the potential of cost saving or improvements to the project shall be identified for further development under development phase. DEVELOPMENT PHASE In this phase participants have the opportunity to make specific recommendations and proposals based on outcomes of the earlier phases. Workshop outcomes and a specific action plan are also produced pending the post workshop report. EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSAL The proposal was supported by participants because it: Support to local traders, Improves efficiency of lighting system, Provides safety of workmanship during the construction, Provides an alternative energy savings, and environmental safe. Issues that detract from the proposal It requires more evaluation for life cycle cost of maintain period and functioning, as well as it does not include infrastructures work review. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION Value Management strategies can apply for any stage of any project. It is very much use full to apply Value Engineering/ Management strategies since the connectional stage of a project. Also these strategies can be applying to any project till the demolition phase its, thus for the life cycle of the project. Any client can have a great value for his investments by applying Value management/ engineering strategies for his/ her investment. It is highly recommended to carry out the proposals which proposed by the vale management team and also it is highly recommended to carry out further value management workshops to find out further more possible ways to reduction the construction cost.

What is a technical language :: essays research papers

What is technical language? Scientists have tried to come up with a definition since the beginning of the 18th century, therefore many interpretations have been made. They started to discuss terms and vocabularies in order to define technical language. A couple of years later they emphasized the importance of text and nowadays they are talking about text from a communication aspect. The Anglo-Saxon society regarded a language to be a system, therefore they found little interest in technical language. This is one of the reasons why technical language often has remained scattered. However, this was not the case within the School of Prague. They found socio linguistics as well as technical language very interesting. The School of Prague used a horizontal dimension to describe the classification of technical language areas. A vertical dimension was used to describe the different layers of usage. The third dimension was based on expressions and communication, oral as well as written. The dimension dealing with communication is frequently used to find out whether a text should be classified as technical language or not. The result can be seen as a cube. A negative aspect when studying this model is that it can easily be misunderstood. When a sender and a receiver are experts in the subject discussed, they will probably use technical language. On the other hand, they might have different knowledge and it is possible that they will discuss new information. The main idea is that they have the possibility to use the established technical language. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to separate strict technical language from colloquial language. A scale has been made to classify the different levels of technical language in the area of geography. We are clearly dealing with technical language when the sender and the receiver have the same knowledge about a specific subject e.g. communication between geographers. The next level is when the sender has to introduce the subject to the receiver e.g. when a geographer communicates with a student. And the final level is when the sender has to explain everything to the receiver e.g. when a geographer communicates with an amateur. Text type, a sort of style pattern, is a term that can be found in technical language. A textbook is one example. Technolects are found in heavy scientific material for example reports whereas text types occur in less complicated compositions such as business letters.

Plagiarism Essay -- essays research papers

Plagiarism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing can be a difficult task for some people. For those people, before they start writing, the first thing they do is probably idea gathering, maybe looking for relate article on newspaper or magazine, look up some definition in the dictionary, check the World Wide Web, or even take a trip to the library. Often, they found what they are looking for, and before they know it, they start copying it, maybe a couple of word, few sentence, other people ¡Ã‚ ¦s idea, or they even copy the whole thing. People often want to take things they like, it is part of human nature. But there are a big different between wanting to than actually taking it without permission, this kind of action is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined as an act of stealing or using another writer ¡Ã‚ ¦s ideas or words without that writer ¡Ã‚ ¦s permission or giving that writer credit for those ideas or words. It doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t matter whether you copied an entire article or you just copied a sentence, without proper citation to show another writer ¡Ã‚ ¦s credit, you have committed a crime of stealing. Just like the ordinary law, it is not what or how much you have stole, it is the action and the intention of stealing. There are different kinds of plagiarism, laziness and sloppiness usually cause some people starting plagiarizing without even realizing they are doing it, this. It is usually the act of copying ideas or the sentences of another writer. These kinds of people are the one...

The role of fire ecology in plant succession Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Succession is defined as a directional change in community composition and structure over time (Gurevitch et al, 2002). Succession is either primary or secondary. In primary succession plants grow and colonize earth for the first time. In secondary succession plants inhabit and colonize earth that was once inhabited by plants life. A wildfire is one example of secondary succession. When a disturbance in the environment occurs, such as a wildfire, either part or all of the community is destroyed. The aftermath of the wildfire leaves a barren landscape open to new growth, vegetation, and re-colonization of plant species (Gurevitch et al, 2002). Various studies have been undertaken and completed regarding the restoration and recovery of plant communities following wildfires. These studies include aspects of species richness during colonization to niche development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mediterranean plant Banksia and Hakea have the ability to build post-fire communities rather successfully due to seed storage. Almost all of the species studied stored their seeds in dense woody fruit. In order for seed dispersal to occur leading to germination and sprouting, the fruit must be dense woody structure of the fruit must be dried. The drying of the fruit causes cracking allowing for the seeds to disperse and germinate. The addition of occasional fires to these communities allow for the drying of the fruit quicker than in its natural state (L... The role of fire ecology in plant succession Essay -- essays research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Succession is defined as a directional change in community composition and structure over time (Gurevitch et al, 2002). Succession is either primary or secondary. In primary succession plants grow and colonize earth for the first time. In secondary succession plants inhabit and colonize earth that was once inhabited by plants life. A wildfire is one example of secondary succession. When a disturbance in the environment occurs, such as a wildfire, either part or all of the community is destroyed. The aftermath of the wildfire leaves a barren landscape open to new growth, vegetation, and re-colonization of plant species (Gurevitch et al, 2002). Various studies have been undertaken and completed regarding the restoration and recovery of plant communities following wildfires. These studies include aspects of species richness during colonization to niche development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mediterranean plant Banksia and Hakea have the ability to build post-fire communities rather successfully due to seed storage. Almost all of the species studied stored their seeds in dense woody fruit. In order for seed dispersal to occur leading to germination and sprouting, the fruit must be dense woody structure of the fruit must be dried. The drying of the fruit causes cracking allowing for the seeds to disperse and germinate. The addition of occasional fires to these communities allow for the drying of the fruit quicker than in its natural state (L...

Module 4 Website Review

The website enTarga.com is a website offering consultancy services for the strategic planning for the business of the future. This website is owned by ROSS A. WIRTH who is acclaimed professional and academician. This website offers consultancy services for the change management within any organization of any size. It works â€Å"to support the development of internal expertise to develop a culture that is conducive to organizational learning and change processes. (enTarga.com)† Website Review: This website is excellent in its content and very simple to use and maintain. The home page has clearly defined sections under name Organisational Change, Strategic Planning, HR Planning, Marketing Planning and organisational complexity. The mission of the website as appeared on the home page is as follows: â€Å"Helping organizations establish change processes that align with their unique culture and business needs – enabling the adaptive business of the future.   Harnessing the power of organizational learning and self-leadership for emergent organizational change with strategic visioning providing the collective purpose.   Turning theory into practice; working today to build the organization of the future.   This is our mission.† It offers white papers and other source materials for the users. These materials are well organized and written. The website offers interactivity through Yahoo Groups. There are different Yahoo Groups made for different topics and people can interact, discuss and solve there issues. These groups are active and involvement of Ross Writ makes it interesting and interactive. These groups have no national, academic or industrial boundaries. Anyone who is interested in the relevant topic can register himself and become member of the group. The process is simple and has better chances of attracting people of like minds. As defined on the website enTarga has its unique meaning. It is as follows: En- to make; cause to be made to resemble. Targa- A type of shield carried on the forearm for protection, related to target â€Å"Look and feel† and apparent target audience The look and feel of the website is very simple, rather below average, but the content of website makes it much better than any other website with excellent look and no content. However if more efforts are done towards improving the look of website, it will attract more audience. Search Engine optimization and similar strategies will also help in increasing popularity of the website. So far it seems to be attracting people on the word of mouth basis. This website provides me loads of information without any requirement of being member or paying anything. Apart from this the permission to use the material published on the website and acknowledging the author (Ross Writ) is another attractive feature. The site does not have any commercial feel in it; rather it looks as a pure academic website. On the Organisational Change page ChangeAgent yahoo group is available for the viewers to participate in the relevant discussions. This webpage introduces the viewer to the organisational change process. It provides information on the change agents, resistance to change, points of leverage and organisation culture with respect to change. It also offers another link to the resources of organisational change. The resources available are of free of cost. Strategic Planning webpage provides information on the Strategic planning process in any organisation. It gives information on benefits, pitfalls, implementation problems and key influencing factors as separate web links. It provides information on the Steps in the strategic planning process, business performance management and offers other planning resources on the website as different links. The yahoo group for this section is OrgComplexity. The third web link is HR Planning. Here viewer gets information on Human resource issues, employee engagement, and strategic readiness of the organisation, Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and resources for human resource planning. This also has a yahoo group named ChangeAgent as its discussion list. Marketing Planning provides information on customer analysis, marketing strategy questions, planning resources on the internet, associated marketing topics like Integrated marketing communications, relationship marketing, brand marketing topics on the internet, creating a brand strategy and development guidelines for internet marketing. The yahoo discussion group for the website is ChangeAgent. Organisational Complexity provides information on organisational complexity and related issues. The yahoo discussion group for the same is OrgComplexity. Apart from the above mentioned main categories of strategy information, it also has Knowledge Management & Organizational Learning as a separate webpage that provides information on knowledge management, barriers, Requirements for spreading a best practice across the organization, organisational learning and other resources. The yahoo groups are active and have different members fro across the world. The groups initiate different topics for discussions. Anytime any member joins a new group receives a welcome.doc which contains welcome message and the current topic of discussion and requests the new member to introduce himself to the group. Once the member posts his message the message is moderated in the prohibition period. This is done in order to control spamming and spammers. Once the new member proves his authenticity, he participates in the group discussion and information sharing without any restrictions. Conclusion It will not be appropriate to criticise this website with such comprehensive and well written content for the looks and feel. But it will be an excellent website if some efforts are done to improve its look. Being a management professional I find it really useful for my continuous education and improvement and helpful in getting support in the form of suggestions in the yahoo groups. For me the attractiveness of this website is the active yahoo groups. Any new article published on the website will be notified in the yahoo groups. This will keep the members informed. If interested, members can visit the website for reading the article free of cost. This makes the website interactive and keeps the users engage in the activities. There are various issues on the day to day problems of business world. Many a time individuals do not get any kind of platform or experienced people to guide them. The information available on the website deals with various issues that can help individuals to handle particular situations and take appropriate actions. This attractiveness is unique selling proposition for the website and this will attract me to go back to the website again and again. Reference: Lisa Hoecklin. (1995).Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. Wokingham:Addison-Wesley Publisher Ltd. Levitt, T. (1983), The Marketing imagination, New York, The Free Press Mà ¶ller, K. and Wilson, D. (1995), Business Marketing: An Interaction and Network Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell.   

Bond/writing paper Essay

Bond/writing paper Characterized by its weight, thickness, surface texture and grades, bond paper is a strong and durable paper. It has a basic size of 17 inches by 22 inches and a basis weight of 13 to 25 pounds. Erase capability, good absorption and rigidity also characterized it. (Bear, About. com) The basis weight can be defined as the weight of a 500 sheets or a ream of a paper measured in pounds that are cut to a standard. (Bear, About. com and International Paper Company) As mentioned in the first part, 17 inches by 22 inches is the basic size for bond paper. This is classified as 24 pound-bond and was determined since this one ream of bond is cut to its basic size but if it weighs 24 pounds. The same thing goes to a ream of bond cut also to its basic size but weighs 30 pounds which is then called 30 pound-bond. (International Paper Company) The standard size identified for bond papers does not necessarily mean the same for all the grades of paper. The standard size of a paper grade of bond will determine the basis weight and the final size of the paper is not necessary needed in doing so. (Bear, About. com) The weight and thickness may have little effect on the quality of a printed image in the paper. (SimplyPhotoPaper. com) In fact, it may have no noticeable effect at all on the printing quality. However, thicker and heavier paper provide more substantial look to the printed materials and are good in holding ink coverage. (Bear, About. com) The classification of the types of pulp, the treatment used in the production of paper and the end use of the final paper product is what refers to us as paper grades. Common paper grades classified are bond, book, Bristol, cover, text, and newsprint. (Essence Printing Inc. ) These grades of a paper provide a level of brigthness or surface characteristics that are used on the other hand to determine the grade level of the finished paper. It is classified from the â€Å"Premium† which is the highest level to â€Å"5 as the lowest level. Some text and cover are classified as A or B grades. (International Paper Company) The surface characteristics of the paper of whether it is smooth, glossy or rough is what we refer as finish or surface texture. To gauge these characteristics of paper, we use the smoothness level measurement which vary in each kind of surface texture. This level is expected to be high when the surface of the paper is flat and even. Smoother surface will help the accumulation provide a sharper and higher quality image. (International Paper Company) These characteristics of a bond paper or writing paper affects its printability and quality. Printability is the ink receptivity, uniformity, smoothness, compressibility and opacity. (Georga-Pacific) Opacity refers to the percentage or the amount of light that can get or pass through the sheet of paper. (International Paper Knowledge Center) On the other hand, compressibiltiy is the decrease in the thickness under compressive forces or pressure which is relevant in letterpress printing and is measured as a ratio or roughness. (PaperOnWeb) Moreover, print quality is the standard set wherein the outcome and other properties of a print reach or is near the result we want. (Europapier International and Biltpaper. com) Paper surface texture such as roughness, gloss, ink absorption, whiteness and brightness affect the print quality. (Ballarpur Industries Limited and PaperOnWeb) Bibliography Bear, Jacci Howard. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . Essence Printing Inc. 2006. 12 October 2007 Europapier International. 2007. 12 October 2007 Ballarpur Industries Limited. 2003. 12 October 2007 Georga-Pacific. 11 October 2007 . International Paper Company. 2007. 11 October 2007 . PaperOnWeb. April 2007. 11 October 2007 . SimplyPhotoPaper. com. 2005. 11 October 2007

Persian Letters

In this paper I will use the Persian Letters to illustrate a European’s view of both European and Asian government and religion. Montesquieu criticizes European their sense of liberty and worth. He then advocates European’s strength of the government and monarch ship. His views about Asian government and religion differ in that he thinks and believes that the Asian government is one that he can easily conform to less strict government laws place onto the people. His representation of Asians reflects that he feels out of place and humanized when comparing the different aspects about his own society. As successful as Europe’s government has been, Montesquieu finds great flaws in it. In the various letters he gives multiple accounts examining how their government is too cookie-cutter in structure. He speaks on how there is a belief of holding onto traditional values. â€Å" In Paris, liberty and equality prevail: neither birth, nor virtue, nor even success in war, however outstanding, can save a man from being lost in a crowd. Social jealously is unknown† (Letter 42). Here you see how Montesquieu backs his claim on how Europe’s system attempts to hold everyone to certain level of power. Religion in Europe isn’t perfect either; Montesquieu depicts the religious heads as manipulators of the people just as bad if not worse than the government. Montesquieu speaks on how no two powers are equal; that there has to be one who is always stronger. With Europe church set up of having the pope at the head of the church elaborates on this distortion of powers. â€Å" There is another magician, stronger than he†¦he will make the king believe that three are only one. † (Letter 24), We are able to see how even though the King of France is the most powerful in Europe he too is manipulate that what is believed to be the pure and righteous. Through his criticisms, Montesquieu still finds certain aspects of Europe’s Government to be strong and stable. In any order there is always fault. Nothing nor anyone is perfect. Analyzing the king himself provide a proper image of someone being proclaimed powerful but at that very same time weak. â€Å" He had an innumerable number of invisible enemies in his kingdom, surrounding him. They say that he has searched for them more than thirty years†¦ he has been unable to find a single one†¦ they say he will have the vexation of dying without being able to find them. (Letter 24) Here Montesquieu displays the false image portrayed thee king and at the same time acknowledges his effort to continue to maintain his reign without stepping out of line. Obedience seems to be the strongest assist of both Europe’s government and religion. The strictness of the country is seen very harsh when one step out of line even though the cruelty of the punishment does not measure up to way in which punishment is carried out in some parts of Asia. Looking at a comparison of the cultures, we saw how a small crime in Europeans eyes was nearly meaningless when looking at how Asians would interpret the punishment. One can take from this that Montesquieu seemly against this order if the state, can still resects and acknowledges how well they keep balance amongst their subjects. Based off how the letters were written one can thing that Montesquieu greatly favored the Asian was. If by looking deeper into the context of the letters Montesquieu had some critic their government system as well. Montesquieu seemed to adore the social aspects of the Asian culture more than that of the Europeans. He elaborated how great leaders earned their power and respect was given out when needed. Another issue present is the critiques that women are not value at all and men hold the power. Another opposition made against the lifestyle against of the Asians is their lack of government. There is a system in place that but he disagrees with their sense of ruling under fear and the imbalances in the people of society Montesquieu’s views on Asian government and society reflect in my opinion provides the needed base that allows the reader to gain a better understanding of European customs than if we solely viewed how he felt towards Europe. The comparison between the two provides us with both the positives and negatives of which society is run in Europe. Through this reflection I feel Montesquieu attempted to show the readers that Those brought up in European states were taught how to live and were a great asset to Asian culture were learning to follow their natural instinct.

Irony in Ozymandias Essay

Shelly produces a wonderful piece of irony in Ozymandias. When looking at Ozymandias we should look at the Greek breakdown of the name. â€Å"Ozy comes from the Greek ‘ozium,’ which means to breath, or air. Mandias comes from the Greek ‘mandate,’ which means to rule,† notes Biterman in his analysis of the poem. The fact that the derivative of the great Ozymandias’s name is Ruler of Air is where the irony begins. When one looks upon what was written on the base of the statue and then to what has become of that statue and all that surrounds it one sees how ironic that name really is. It is easiest to begin from the inscription on the base of the statue as it gives us the best insight into the man it represents. ‘My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!(lines 10-11)’ This quote infers his belief that no one will ever surpass his works. One might even conclude from this that he would even challenge God himself. We then can go back and look at how Shelley described the statue. His description tells us what condition God leaves the model of this mocking fool: â€Å"Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand, Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command.(lines 2-5)† The condition of the statue in itself shows that Ozymandias was not the greatest ruler there ever was. In looking at the condition of the statue and his words after you really do see the irony of the situation. All which this great king accomplished and what he once was has eroded into the sand leaving nothing but â€Å"two vast and trunkless legs of stone.† God allows only the legs and words to stand so that he might prove a point. The point Shelly tried to raise in the poem was that God will outlast all those who attempt to make a mockery of him. Shelly writes, â€Å"Tell that its sculptor well those passions read Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed.(lines 6-8)† On this point I would have to agree with Joe Kelly in his belief that Ozymandias’s heart fed on the passions of his people. If he had nurtured his people instead of oppressing them their  passion would have been with maintaining his memory, instead of destroying it. There is a great deal of irony in Ozymandias’ shattered visage on the sand. The king who so terrified those he commanded for so long no longer has any power, yet, his face still tries to dominate all he sees. The very actions that brought to him a period of glory also brought the destruction of what he worked so vigilantly on. Once finished the reader can look back and realize how ironic the entire situation is; at one point this ruler was (or believed himself to be) the most powerful man to have ever lived, and now people look at his lifeless shrine and realize the truth. As long as this poem goes on being read Ozymandias will live on. Works Cited Biterman, Aaron J. † Analysis of Ozymandias.† Dec. 2000. 23 Mar. 2003 . Kelly, Joe. † Mighty Works in Shelley’s â€Å"Ozymandias†.† 23 Mar. 2003 < http://www.cofc.edu/~kellyj/explication.html>.

Post-occupancy evaluating of low income housing in the Kingdom of Dissertation

Post-occupancy evaluating of low income housing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example 13 Pictures(3) Showsthe region of Ha’il, with the pleased of the project. 13 Pictures(4) Site plan of the Al-Ghazalah project 13 Pictures(5) Site plan of the Al-Ghazalah project 15 Pictures(6) Ground floor plan 15 Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Low Income Housing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Chapter 1 Introduction Housing demand is one of the most important issues and challenges that face developing and developed countries (Al-klyfh, 2009). These countries have tried to solve their housing demands with different policies. Some policies and proposals have met the needs of different levels of society. One of these economic classes is called the low income group that encompass some Saudi Arabian people with low annual income. To address the issue on housing income, the government tried to establish residential complexes, an introductory concept and still under trial. This paper will focus on low income housing post occupancy evaluation as the main issue. The housing policy will b e assessed using the post-occupancy evaluation method (POE). However, before investigating the Saudi Arabian policy, it is important to investigate the different international policies for low income housing. 1.1. International policies for low income housing Many institutions, international agencies and local communities around the world have for many years now addressed poverty, increase standards of living,as well as provide adequate shelter for the poor (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1987).These UN programs were allocated in 155 countries and have established national centres that work directly with various local government agencies (Tiesdell, 2004). Important processes that have been followed are: a. Secure possession of the land. b. Provide public facilities and services. c. Finance low-cost housing d. Provision of construction materials. e. Community participation. f. Cooperation with the private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Tiesdell, 2004) . A review of socio-economic policies indicates that there is a growing interest in the issue of housing for the poor by civil society organizations and governments of many countries. A limited review on Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom low cost housing will be included due to time constraints. 1.1.1. Affordable Housing in the UK Housing policies in Britain has local planning authorities mandate developers of housing projects to provide a certain percentage of affordable housing for low income groups (Tiesdell, 2004). The two aims are as follows: a. Social: sustain a mixed community in terms of income and social level and reduce illegal settlements that lack basic services b. Economic: shoulder part of the burden of financing in order to allow beneficiaries provided with lower prices than the market price or rent housing (social security) at less than the prevailing costs. UK housing, however, did not meet stated objectives, such as acceptance from high-income and middle classes due to preference

Causes and Effects of teenage abortion in the USA Research Paper

Causes and Effects of teenage abortion in the USA - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that each year in the United States, approximately 750,000 teenagers between the ages of fourteen and nineteen become pregnant. Of this number, an average 200,000 teenagers a year seek an abortion. As more teenagers find themselves becoming pregnant, more are finding ways to avoid the responsibility of parenthood at such a young age. Unfortunately, not only do the excuses for obtaining abortions continue to rise, but so does the number of young pregnant females obtaining an abortion. As with any physical damage to one’s body, though, abortion comes with its consequences. Pregnant teenage females often seek abortions when their pregnancies are a result of rape or date rape. Rape is the forcing of sexual intercourse by one person on another. More often than not, rape is administered by a complete stranger, though there have been many cases of friends, extended relatives, teachers, and even church officials raping and impregnating young women. Date rape, on the other hand, is rape that is administered usually after the female has been drugged or otherwise made unconscious. This form of rape is often done by someone that the female knows well, like a friend or even a boyfriend. However, there are some men that drug women they do not know while at a party or a gathering and then invite them out to a place where the rape occurs. Date rape generally takes place while the female is spending time with the potential rapist, like on a date, hence its name.... Similar to rape, incest often comes without the consent of the other person. Sexual abuse can also be brought on by a male family member, but the teenager can also face sexual abuse from her boyfriend or a close male friend. The primary factor in both incest and sexual abuse is that the teenager had no say in the engaging of sexual intercourse. Unfortunately, physical violence can also be administered during the process of the abuse, rendering the teenager helpless to get away. There are many reasons that a teenager gets an abortion as a result of incest or sexual abuse. The first reason is simply because the pregnancy was due to incest and the teenager does not want to keep the baby who was fathered by someone that she is related to. The teenager might also abort to avoid revealing that a family member had gotten her pregnant. They want to avoid the shame that comes with such a confession, even though they had no part in what took place; they might also have been threatened to keep it a secret, and might not have a choice of whether or not to abort. Likewise, if the teenager was sexually abused by her boyfriend, she does not want to keep a baby that was created by force with someone that she loved and trusted. Another reason is because many children that are conceived out of incest often have physical deformities or mental illnesses. Teenagers abort for this reason as they do not want the responsibility of raising a baby that might be sick and need special attention and care. Promiscuity Promiscuity is when a person has many sexual relationships, which makes up a large percentage of pregnant teenagers at any given time in the United States. Many of